EFTA00095067

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK 
x 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
S 120 Cr. 330 (AJN) 
GHISLAINE MAXWELL, 
Defendant. 
x 
THE GOVERNMENT'S OMNIBUS MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION 
TO THE DEFENDANT'S PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS 
AUDREY STRAUSS 
United States Attorney 
Southern District of New York 
Attorney for the United States of America 
Assistant United States Attorneys 
- Of Counsel - 
EFTA00095067

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 
1 
BACKGROUND 
2 
ARGUMENT 
3 
I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case 
3 
A. 
The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New York 
4 
1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts 
5 
2. The Defendant Has Offered No Evidence That the NPA Binds Other Districts  
9 
B. The NPA Does Not Immunize Maxwell from Prosecution 
15 
1. The NPA Is Limited to Particular Crimes Between 2001 and 2007 
15 
2. The NPA Does Not Confer Enforceable Rights On Maxwell 
17 
C. The Defendant Has Offered No Basis for Additional Discovery or a Hearing 
21 
II. The Indictment Is Timely 
23 
A. 
Statutory Background 
24 
B. The 2003 Amendment to Section 3283 Applies Retroactively 
26 
1. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step One of Landgraf 
27 
2. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step Two of Landgraf 
32 
C. The Defendant's Crimes Involved the Sexual Abuse of Minors 
36 
III. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment Based on Alleged Improper Pre-
Trial Delay Should Be Denied 
41 
A. The Defendant Has Failed to Demonstrate Actual and Substantial Prejudice 
42 
1. Applicable Law 
42 
2. Discussion 
44 
B. The Defendant Has Failed to Establish That the Government Delayed The Indictment For 
An Improper Purpose 
52 
1. Applicable Law 
52 
2. Discussion 
53 
IV. The Court Should Deny the Defendant's Motions To Suppress 
59 
A. Factual Background 
60 
1. The Civil Lawsuit against Maxwell 
61 
2. February 2016 Meeting 
62 
3. The April and July 2016 Depositions of Maxwell 
64 
4. The USAO-SDNY Commences the Instant Investigation in 2018 
65 
 
68 
I 
I I
6. Proceedin s before 
5. The USAO-SDNY's Sub.. nas and Ex Pane Applications for Materials 
66 
a. M 
 
68 
b. April ', 
 
70 
EFTA00095068

c. Chief Judge McMahon's Memorandum and Order 
71 
7. &OAS% 
 
74 
8. Unsealing of Maxwell's Depositions 
74 
9. The New York Daily News Article 
75 
B. The Defendant's Suppression Motion Should Be Denied 
76 
1. Martindell Provides No Basis to Grant the Relief the Defendant Seeks 
76 
a. Applicable Law 
76 
b. Discussion 
79 
2. Maxwell's Fourth Amendment Claim Fails 
81 
a. Maxwell Has Not Established Standing 
82 
i. 
Applicable Law 
82 
ii. Discussion 
84 
b. The Government Acted in Good Faith 
86 
i. 
Applicable Law 
86 
ii. Discussion 
88 
c. Suppression of Certain Materials Would Be Improper Under the Inevitable Discovery 
Doctrine 
93 
i. 
Applicable Law 
93 
ii. Discussion 
94 
3.The Defendant's Motion to Suppress Evidence Obtained Pursuant to the Subpoena Under 
the Fifth Amendment Is Without Merit 
96 
a. Applicable Law 
96 
i. 
The Fifth Amendment — Generally 
96 
ii. The Fifth Amendment — Act of Production Privilege 
97 
iii. 
The Fifth Amendment — When Private Action Is Deemed Government Action  98 
b. Discussion 
99 
4. The Government Did Not Violate Maxwell's Due Process Rights 
103 
a. Applicable Law 
103 
b. Discussion 
106 
5. The Court Should Not Exercise Its Inherent Authority to Order Suppression 
109 
a. Applicable Law 
109 
b. Discussion 
110 
6. The Defendant Is Not Entitled to a Hearing 
111 
a. Applicable Law 
112 
b. Discussion 
115 
V. The Jury Should Decide Whether the Defendant Committed Perjury 
116 
A. Factual Background 
117 
B. Applicable Law 
119 
C. Discussion 
122 
1. April 2016 Deposition 
123 
2. July 2016 Deposition 
129 
3. Materiality 
135 
EFTA00095069

VI. Counts Five and Six Are Properly Joined and Should Not Be Severed 
137 
A. Applicable Law 
138 
B. Discussion 
140 
VII. The Indictment Contains the Elements of Each Offense and Provides the Defendant 
More Than Adequate Notice of the Charges Against Her 
149 
A. Applicable Law 
150 
B. Discussion 
152 
VIII. There Is No Basis to Strike Any Portion of the Indictment 
157 
A. Relevant Facts 
157 
B. Applicable Law 
159 
C. Discussion 
160 
IX. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count One or Count Three as Multiplicitous Is 
Premature 
169 
A. Relevant Facts 
169 
B. Applicable Law 
169 
C. Discussion 
171 
X. The Defendant's Various Disclosure Motions Should be Denied 
173 
A. Bill of Particulars Is Not Warranted 
173 
1. Applicable Law 
174 
2. Discussion 
177 
A. The Defendant's Requests for Early Production of a Witness List and Jencks Act Material 
Should Be Denied 
182 
1. Applicable Law 
182 
2. Discussion 
183 
A. The Defendant's Additional Requests for Disclosure Should Be Denied 
184 
XI. The Use of a Grand Jury Siting in White Plains Was Entirely Proper 
192 
A. Background 
193 
1. The SDNY and Local Rules for the Division of Business 
193 
2. The SDNY Jury Plan 
194 
B. Applicable Law 
197 
C. Discussion 
197 
1. The Defendant Was Properly Indicted by a Grand Jury Sitting in White Plains 
198 
2. The Defendant's Fair Cross-Section Claim Is Meritless 
204 
a. The Defendant Has Not Established that Blacks or Hispanics Are Unfairly 
Represented 
204 
b. Any Potential Underrepresentation Is Not Due to Systematic Exclusion 
209 
CONCLUSION 
211 
iii 
EFTA00095070

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES 
Cases 
Page(s) 
46 F.3d 1240 (2d Cir. 1995) 
208 
286 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2002) 
22 
348 F. App'x 636 (2d Cir. 2009) 
139 
439 U.S. 357 (1979) 
197, 204 
479 F. App'x 372 (2d Cir. 2012) 
207, 210 
511 U.S. 
32 
579 F. App'x 37 (2d Cir. 2014) 
98 
679 F. App'x 79 (2d Cir. 2017) 
122 
730 F. App'x 25 (2d Cir. 2018) 
140 
867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 2d Cir. 1988) 
7 
867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988) 
4 
2014 WL 2696569 (S.D.N.Y. June 10, 2014) 
88 
2014 WL 5090039 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 10, 2014) 
83 
2016 WL 107841 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11, 2016) 
18, 19 
2016 WL 1055737 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2016) 
2019 WL 3072288 (E.D.N.Y. July 15, 2019) 
2020 WL 3483702 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2020) 
2021 WL 78235 (January 11, 2021) 
Albright v. Oliver, 
510 U.S. 266 (1993) 
Andover Data Servs., a Div. of Players Computer, Inc. v. Statistical Tabulating Corp., 
876 F.2d 1080 (2d Cir. 1989) 
76, 
Arizona v. Youngblood, 
488 U.S. 51 (1988) 
179 
59 
141 
26, 29 
104 
84, 103 
52 
Aronson v. K. Arakelian, Inc., 
154 F.2d 231 (7th Cir. 1946) 
17 
Berghuis v. Smith, 
559 U.S. 314 (2010) 
207, 210 
Blissett v. Lefevre, 
924 F.2d 434 (2d Cir. 1991) 
108 
Blum v. Yaretsky, 
457 U.S. 991 (1982) 
99 
Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 
405 F.3d 964 (11th Cir. 2005) 
20 
Botha v. Don King Productions, Inc., 
No. 97 Civ. 7587 (JGK), 1998 WL 88745 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1998) 
102 
Boyd v. United States, 
116 U.S. 616 (1886) 
101 
iv 
EFTA00095071

Branzburg v. Hayes, 
408 U.S. 665 (1972) 
78 
Bridges v. United States, 
346 U.S. 209 (1953) 
38 
Bronston v. United States, 
409 U.S. 352 (1973) 
121 
Bryson v. United States, 
396 U.S. 64 (1969) 
101 
Burgess v. United States, 
552 U.S. 124 (2008) 
37 
Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 
491 U.S. 617 (1989) 
108 
Carpenter v. United States, 
138 S. Ct. 2206 
82, 83, 84, 85 
Chambers v. Mississippi, 
410 U.S. 284 (1973) 
109 
Chemical Bank v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 
154 F.R.D. 91 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 
passim 
Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 
567 U.S. 142 (2012) 
37 
Colorado v. Connelly, 
479 U.S. 157 (1986) 
97, 98, 99 
Colorado v. Spring, 
479 U.S. 564 (1987) 
97 
County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 
523 U.S. 833 (1998) 
Cruz v. Maypa, 
773 F.3d 138 (4th Cir. 2014) 
Davis v. United States, 
564 U.S. 229 (2011) 
Doe No. 1. v. United States, 
32, 
104 
33 
86 
749 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2014) 
117, 118, 119 
Dowling v. United States, 
493 U.S. 342 (1990) 
52 
Edwards v. Mazzuca, 
No 00 Civ. 2290 (RIS), 2007 WL 2994449 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2007) 
155 
Falter v. United States, 
23 F.2d 420 (2d Cir. 1928) 
34 
Falter, 
23 F.3d 
34 
Fisher v. United States, 
425 U.S. 391 (1976) 
98, 101 
Flagg v. Yonkers Say. & Loan Ass 'n, 
396 F.3d 178 (2d Cir. 2005) 
99 
EFTA00095072

Franks v. Delaware, 
438 U.S. 154 (1978) 
113, 114, 115 
Golino v. City of New Haven, 
950 F.2d 864 (2d Cir. 1991) 
88 
Graham v. Connor, 
490 U.S. 386 (1989) 
104 
Grant v. United States, 
282 F.2d 165 (2d Cir. 1960) 
112 
Greer v. Miller, 
483 U.S. 756 (1987) 
108 
Grunewald v. United States, 
353 U.S. 391 (1957) 
163 
Hamling v. United States, 
418 U.S. 87 (1974) 
150, 151 
Hemphill v. United States, 
392 F.2d 45 (8th Cir. 1968) 
176 
Herring v. United States, 
555 U.S. 135 (2009) 
87 
Howell v. Superintendent Rockview SCI, 
939 F.3d 260 (2d Cir. 2019) 
210 
Huddleston v. United States, 
485 U.S. 681 (1988) 
166 
In re Enter. Mort. Acceptance Co. Sec. Litig. ("Enterprise"), 
391 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 2004) 
27, 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Apr. 19, 1991, 
945 F.2d 1221 (2d Cir. 1991) 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Oct 29, 1992, 
28, 
77, 
33 
81 
1 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 1993) 
98, 101 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 
826 F.2d 1166 (1987) 
96 
In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 
836 F.2d 1468 (4th Cir. 1988) 
103 
In re Three Grand Jug Subpoenas Duces Tecum Dated Jan. 29, 
1999, 191 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 1999) 
98 
In Re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Jan. 5, 
1988, 847 F.2d 1024 (2d Cir. 1988) 
96 
In re U.S., 
834 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1987) 
191 
In re Various Grand Jury Subpoenas, 
924 F. Supp. 2d 549 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
98 
Int'l Equity Invs., Inc. v. Opportunity Equity Partners Ltd., 
No. 05 Civ. 2745 (JGK) (RLE), 2010 WL 779314 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2010) 
79 
Johnson v. United States, 
520 U.S. 461 (1997) 
135 
vi 
EFTA00095073

Kungys v. United States, 
485 U.S. 759 (1988) 
Landgraf v. US! Film Products, 
148 
511 U.S. 244 (1994) 
27 
Landgraf, 
511 U.S 
27, 30, 32 
Leocal v. Ashcroft, 
543 U.S. 1 (2004) 
40 
Lighte, 
782 F.3d 
120 
Madanes v. Madanes, 
186 F.R.D. 279 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) 
98 
Martindell v. Intl Tel. and Tel. Corp., 
594 F.2d 291 (2d Cir. 1979) 
59, 63, 77, 102 
Martindell, 
594 F.3d 
79 
Martinez v. McAleenan, 
385 F. Supp. 3d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 
104 
Michigan v. Tucker, 
417 U.S. 433 (1974) 
96 
Miller v. Pate, 
386 U.S. 1 (1967) 
108, 117, 118 
Mills v. Scully, 
826 F.2d 1192 (2d Cir. 1987) 
108 
Minnesota v. Murphy, 
465 U.S. 420 (1984) 
100 
Murray v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 
583 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2009) 
149 
Nijhawan v. Holder, 
557 U.S. 29 (2009) 
40 
Nix v. Williams, 
467 U.S. 431 (1984) 
93, 94 
North Carolina v. Pearce, 
395 U.S. 711 (1969) 
169 
Oregon v. Elstad, 
470 U.S. 298 (1985) 
97, 98 
Palmieri v. State of N.Y., 
779 F.2d 861 (2d Cir. 1985) 
77, 80, 81 
Peck v. United States, 
73 F.3d 1220 (2d Cir. 1995) 
112 
Rakas v. Illinois, 
439 U.S. 128 (1978) 
82, 83 
Ratzlaf v. United States, 
510 U.S. 135 (1994) 
112 
vii 
EFTA00095074

Rawlings v. Kentucky, 
448 U.S. 98 (1980) 
83 
Richardson v. Marsh, 
481 U.S. 200 (1987) 
142 
Rivera v. United States, 
928 F.2d 592 (2d Cir. 1991) 
114, 116 
Rochin, 
342 U.S., 72 S. Ct. 205 
105 
Rosencrans v. United States, 
165 U.S. 257 (1897) 
203 
Russell v. United States, 
369 U.S. 749 (1962) 
151 
Rutenberg v. United States, 
245 U.S. 480 (1918) 
200 
Salinas v. United States, 
522 U.S. 52 (1997) 
161 
Santobello v. United States, 
No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1998 WL 113950 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 1998) 
18 
Sch. Dist. No. 7, 
167 F.3d 784 (2d Cir. 1999) 
43 
SEC v. TheStreet.com, 
273 F.3d 222 (2d Cir. 2001) 
78, 81 
Smith v. Maiyland, 
442 U.S. 735 (1979) 
83, 84 
Stogner v. California, 
539 U.S. 607 (2003) 
34 
Swain v. Alabama, 
380 U.S. 202 (1965) 
208 
Taylor v. Louisiana, 
419 U.S. 522 (1975) 
206, 208 
Taylor v. United States, 
495 U.S. 575 (1990) 
40 
Thom v. Ashcroft, 
369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2004) 
35 
Toussie v. United States, 
397 U.S. 112 (1970) 
35 
United State v. Nader, 
425 F. Supp. 3d 619 (E.D. Va. 2019) 
passim 
United States v. Alzmad, 
992 F. Supp. 682 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 
112 
United States v. Ahmed, 
10 Cr. 131 (PKC), 2011 WL 5041456 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2011) 
160 
United States v. Al Kassar, 
660 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2011) 
105 
viii 
EFTA00095075

United States v. Alameh, 
341 F.3d 167 (2d Cir. 2003) 
53, 55 
United States v. Alberti, 
568 F.2d 617 (2d Cir. 1977) 
125 
United States v. Alfonso, 
143 F.3d 772 (2d. Cir. 1998) 
150 
United States v. Amato, 
15 F.3d 230 (2d Cir. 1994) 
140 
United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, 
184 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 1999) 
148 
United States v. Anderson, 
747 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 2014) 
142 
United States v. Anderson, 
772 F.3d 969 (2d Cir. 2014) 
110 
United States v. Annabi, 
771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985) 
4, 6, 7 
United States v. Arzberger, 
592 F. Supp. 2d 590 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) 
104 
United States v. Ash, 
464 F. Supp. 3d 621 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) 
100 
United States v. Ashburn, 
76 F. Supp. 3d 401 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) 
88 
United States v. Awadallah, 
349 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2003) 
113, 114 
United States v. Bahna, 
68 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 1995) 
passim 
United States v. Barlow, 
732 F. Supp. 2d 1 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) 
207, 208, 210 
United States v. Barnes, 
520 F. Supp. 2d 510 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
207 
United States v. Batchelder, 
442 U.S. 114 (1979) 
173 
United States v. Bejasa, 
904 F.2d 137 (2d Cir. 1990) 
182 
United States v. Bellomo, 
263 F. Supp. 2d 561 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) 
176 
United States v. Ben Zvi, 
242 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2001) 
31 
United States v. Benussi, 
216 F. Supp. 2d 299 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) 
163, 164 
United States v. Biaggi, 
675 F. Supp. 790 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) 
176 
United States v. Biaggi, 
909 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1990) 
205, 208 
ix 
EFTA00095076

United States v. Bin Laden, 
91 F. Supp. 2d 600 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) 
United States v. Birney, 
686 F.2d 102 (2d Cir. 1982) 
United States v. Birrell, 
159 
43, 45 
470 F.2d 113 (2d Cir. 1972) 
122 
United States v. Blakney, 
941 F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1991) 
138, 146 
United States v. Blaszczak, 
308 F. Supp. 3d 736 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 
186 
United States v. Block, 
16 Cr. 595 (JPO), 2017 WL 1608905 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2017) 
174 
United States v. Bonacorsa, 
528 F.2d 1218 (2d Cir. 1976) 
120, 127, 133, 135 
United States v. Bonventre, 
646 F App'x 73 (2d Cir. 2016) 
179 
United States v. Bortnovsky, 
820 F.2d 572 (2d Cir. 1987) 
174, 175, 182 
United States v. Botti, 
No. 08 Cr. 230 (CSH), 2009 WL 3157582 (D. Conn. Sept. 25, 2009) 
145 
United States v. Brand, 
04 Cr. 194 (PKL), 2005 WL 77055 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2005) 
168 
United States v. Brand, 
467 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2006) 
156 
United States v. Brand, 
556 F.2d 1312 (5th Cir. 1977) 
52 
United States v. Broccolo, 
797 F. Supp. 1185 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 
139, 143, 145 
United States v. Brown, 
744 F. Supp. 558 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) 
115 
United States v. Brown, 
800 F. App'x 455 (9th Cir. 2020) 
26, 29 
United States v. Brown, 
No. 07-0296, 2008 WL 161146 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 16, 2008) 
144 
United States v. Brown, 
No. 99-1230, 2002 WL 34244994, at (2d Cir. Apr. 26, 2002) 
5, 19 
United States v. Bruno, 
159 F. Supp. 3d 311 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) 
5 
United States v. Bunn, 
154 F. App'x 227 (2d Cir. 2005) 
156 
United States v. Burke, 
No. 09 Cr. 135 (SJ), 2011 WL 2609837 (E.D.N.Y. July I, 2011) 
56 
United States v. Butler, 
351 F. Supp. 121 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 
160 
EFTA00095077

United States v. Butler, 
No. 04 Cr. 340, 2004 WL 2274751 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2004) 
139, 141 
United States v. Calandra, 
414 U.S. 338 (1974) 
78 
United States v. Caming, 
968 F.2d 232 (2d Cir. 1992) 
112 
United States v. Campo Flores, 
15 Cr. 765 (PAC), 2016 WL 5946472 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2016) 
189, 190 
United States v. Canfield, 
212 F.3d 713 (2d Cir. 2000) 
113 
United States v. Canter, 
338 F. Supp. 2d 460 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 
190 
United States v. Carbonaro, 
No. 02 Cr. 743 (RCC), 2004 WL 2222145 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2004) 
56 
United States v. Carpenter, 
680 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2012) 
37 
United States v. Carson, 
464 F.2d 424 (2d Cir. 1972) 
145, 146 
United States v. CFW Const. Co., 
583 F. Supp. 197 (D. S.C. 1984) 
19 
United States v. Chacko, 
169 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 1999) 
169 
United States v. Chalmers, 
474 F. Supp. 2d 555 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
150 
United States v. Chambers, 
800 F. App'x 43 (2d Cir. 2020) 
48 
United States v. Chan Lo, 
No. 14 Cr. 491 (VSB), 2016 WL 9076234 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2016) 
122 
United States v. Chen, 
378 F.3d 151 (2d Cir. 2004) 
179 
United States v. Cheung Kin Ping, 
555 F.2d 1069 (2d Cir. 1977) 
46, 55 
United States v. Chuang, 
897 F.2d 646 (2d Cir. 1990) 
82 
United States v. Coke, 
No. 07 Cr. 971 (RPP), 2011 WL 3738969 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2011) 
105, 109, 111 
United States v. Collins, 
409 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 
186 
United States v. Concepcion, 
983 F.2d 369 (2d Cir. 1992) 
165 
United States v. Coppa, 
267 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2001) 
182 
United States v. Corbett, 
750 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2014) 
97 
xi 
EFTA00095078

United States v. Cornielle, 
171 F.3d 748 (2d Cir. 1999) 
42, 53, 58 
United States v. Corr, 
543 F.2d 1042 (2d Cir. 1976) 
121 
United States v. Countentos, 
651 F.3d 809 (8th Cir. 2011) 
40, 41 
United States v. Cromitie, 
727 F.3d 194 (2d Cir. 2019) 
106 
United States v. Crouch, 
84 F.3d 1497 (5th Cir. 1996) 
52 
United States v. D'Amico, 
734 F. Supp. 2d 321 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
176 
United States v. Davis, 
702 F.2d 418 (2d Cir. 1983) 
78, 81, 103 
United States v. DeFilippo, 
No. 17 Cr. 585 (WHP), 2018 WL 740727 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2018) 
114 
United States v. Delacruz, 
970 F. Supp. 2d 199 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
53 
United States v. DePahna, 
461 F. Supp. 778 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) 
159, 164 
United States v. Dewar, 
489 F. Supp. 2d 351 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
112 
United States v. Diaz, 
176 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 1999) 
165, 166 
United States v. DiGregorio, 
795 F. Supp. 630 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 
106 
United States v. Dodge, 
597 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2010) 
39 
United States v. Dornau, 
356 F. Supp. 1091 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) 
50 
United States v. Dorvee, 
616 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2010) 
156 
United States v. Dumitru, 
18 Cr. 243 (LAK), 2018 WL 3407703 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2018) 
170 
United States v. Eldred, 
933 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2019) 
87 
United States v. E!-Sadig, 
133 F. Supp. 2d 600 (N.D. Ohio 2001) 
19 
United States v. Elsbery, 
602 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir. 1979) 
43, 49 
United States v. Estrada, 
320 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2003) 
169 
United States v. Ewell, 
383 U.S. 116 (1966) 
54 
xii 
EFTA00095079

United States v. Falso, 
544 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2008) 
113, 114 
United States v. Fanner, 
137 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir. 1998) 
120, 121 
United States v. Feldman, 
939 F.3d 182 (2d Cir. 2019) 
6, 18, 22 
United States v. Fennell, 
496 F. Supp. 2d 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
192, 194 
United States v. Figueroa, 
618 F.2d 934 (2d Cir. 1980) 
167 
United States v. Fiumano, 
No. 14 Cr. 518 (JFK), 2016 WL 1629356 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2016) 
48 
United States v. Florence, 
456 F.2d 46 (4th Cir. 1972) 
201 
United States v. Florida West Int'l Airways, Inc., 
853 F. Supp. 2d 1209 (S.D. Fla. 2012) 
19, 20 
United States v. Forde, 
740 F.Supp.2d 406 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
passim 
United States v. Gallo, 
No. 98 Cr. (JGK), 1999 WL 9848 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. II, 1999) 
183, 189 
United States v. Gambino, 
838 F. Supp. 744 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 
48 
United States v. Gaudin, 
515 U.S. 506 (1995) 
122, 135, 148 
United States v. Geaney, 
417 F.2d 1116 (2d Cir. 1969) 
191 
United States v. Gentile, 
235 F. Supp. 3d 649 (D.N.J. 2017) 
35, 36 
United States v. Ghailani, 
751 F. Supp. 2d 502 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
106 
United States v. Ghavami, 
10 Cr. 1217 (KMW), 2012 WL 2878126 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2012) 
171 
United States v. Gibson, 
175 F. Supp. 2d 532 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 
176 
United States v. Gilbert, 
266 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 2001) 
43 
United States v. Gillette, 
383 F.2d 843 (2d Cir. 1967) 
112 
United States v. Gonzalez, 
No. 00 Cr. 447, 2000 WL 1721171 
58 
United States v. Gottfried, 
165 F.2d 360 (2d Cir. 1948) 
199 
United States v. Gracesqui, 
No. 10 Cr. 74 (PKC), 2015 WL 5231168 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2015) 
140 
EFTA00095080

United States v. Green, 
981 F.3d 945 (11th Cir. 2020) 
87 
United States v. Greer, 
956 F. Supp. 525 (D. Vt. 1997) 
49 
United States v. Griffith, 
99 Cr. (HB), 2000 WL 1253265 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2000) 
172 
United States v. Guzman, 
337 F. Supp. 140 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) 
208 
United States v. Halkbank, 
15 Cr. 867 (RMB), 2020 WL 5849512 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 1, 2020) 
170 
United States v. Hallahan, 
756 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2014) 
16 
United States v. Halper, 
590 F.2d 422 (2d Cir. 1978) 
144 
United States v. Haqq, 
278 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2002) 
82 
United States v. Harrison, 
764 F. Supp. 29 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 
50 
United States v. Hastings, 
461 U.S. 499 (1983) 
109 
United States v. Heath, 
455 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 2006) 
93, 94 
United States v. Henderson, 
337 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2003) 
43 
United States v. Henry, 
861 F. Supp. 1190 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 
177 
United States v. Herbert, 
698 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1983) 
200 
United States v. Hernandez, 
85 F.3d 1023 (2d Cir. 1996) 
159 
United States v. Heyward, 
No. 10 Cr. 84 (LTS), 2010 WL 4484642 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2010) 
106 
United States v. Hillegas, 
578 F.2d 453 (2d Cir. 1978) 
53 
United States v. Hoo, 
825 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1987) 
53 
United States v. Hsia, 
24 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.D.C. 1998) 
163, 164 
United States v. lannelli, 
461 F.2d 483 (2d Cir. 1972) 
44 
United States v. Jqffries, 
405 F.3d 682 (8th Cir. 2005) 
26, 28, 29, 34 
United States v. Jenkins, 
727 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2018) 
130 
xiv 
EFTA00095081

United States v. Jennings, 
960 F.2d 1488 (9th Cir. 1992) 
110 
United States v. Jimenez, 
824 F. Supp. 351 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 
159, 176 
United States v. Johns, 
15 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 1994) 
28 
United States v. Johnson, 
21 F. Supp. 2d 329 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 
202 
United States v. Jones, 
482 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. 2006) 
169 
United States v. Josephberg, 
459 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 2006) 
169, 170, 172, 173 
United States v. Kaplan, 
758 F. App'x 34 (2d Cir. 2018) 
121 
United States v. Kenny, 
883 F. Supp. 869 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) 
202 
United States v. Kidd, 
386 F. Supp.3d 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 
153 
United States v. King, 
560 F.2d 122 (2d Cir. 1977) 
44 
United States v. Kozel, 
19 Cr. 460 (KMW), 2020 WL 4751498 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2020) 
155 
United States v. Kross, 
14 F.3d 751 (2d Cir. 1994) 
122, 148 
United States v. LaFlam, 
369 F.3d 153 (2d Cir. 2004) 
166 
United States v. Lahey, 
967 F. Supp. 2d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
114 
United States v. Lambus, 
897 F.3d 368 (2d Cir. 2018) 
110, Ill, 113, 114 
United States v. Laskow, 
688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) 
4, 6 
United States v. Laurenti, 
581 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1978) 
53 
United States v. Lawson, 
683 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1982) 
42, 53 
United States v. Leo Sure Chief 
438 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2006) 
26, 29, 34 
United States v. Leon, 
468 U.S. 897 (1984) 
87, 88 
United States v. Leonelli, 
428 F. Supp. 880 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) 
176 
United States v. Levy, 
11 Cr. 62 (PAC), 2013 WL 664712 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2013) 
175 
xv 
EFTA00095082

United States v. Lighte, 
782 F.2d 367 (2d Cir. 1986) 
United States v. Loera, 
passim 
333 F.Supp.3d 172 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) 
105 
United States v. Long, 
697 F. Supp. 651 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 
45 
United States v. Lopez, 
944 F.2d 33 (1st Cir. 1991) 
18, 21 
United States v. Lovasco, 
431 U.S. 783 (1977) 
52, 53, 54, 55 
United States v. Mahabub, 
13 Cr. 908 (AJN), 2014 WL 4243657 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2014) 
174, 176, 177 
United States v. Mandell, 
710 F. Supp. 2d 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
175 
United States v. Marcus, 
628 F.3d 36 (2d Cir. 2010) 
163 
United States v. Marion, 
404 U.S. 307 (1971) 
United States v. Markiewicz, 
42, 44, 49 
978 F.2d 786 (2d Cir. 1992) 
120, 121, 125, 134 
United States v. Martin, 
426 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2005) 
113 
United States v. Martinez, 
No. 92 Cr. (SWK), 1993 WL 322768 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 1993) 
144 
United States v. Martinez, 
No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1995 WL 10849 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 1995) 
53 
United States v. Mason, 
479 F. App'x 397 (2d Cir. 2012) 
163 
United States v. Mast, 
735 F.2d 745 (2d Cir. 1984) 
100 
United States v. McCourty, 
562 F.3d 458 (2d Cir. 2009) 
170 
United States v. McDarrah, 
351 F. App'x 558 (2d Cir. 2009) 
168 
United States v. Medina, 
13 Cr. 272 (PGG), 2014 WL 3057917 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2014) 
170 
United States v. Miller, 
116 F.3d 641 (2d Cir. 1997) 
165, 200 
United States v. Miller, 
425 U.S. 435 (1976) 
83, 84 
United States v. Miller, 
911 F.3d 638 (1st Cir. 2018) 
33 
United States v. Ming He, 
94 F.3d 782 (2d Cir. 1996) 
110 
xvi 
EFTA00095083

United States v. Mitan, 
No. 08-760, 2009 WL 2328870 (E.D. Pa. July 28, 2009) 
145 
United States v. Mitchell, 
966 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1992) 
100 
United States v. Mitlof, 
165 F. Supp. 2d 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 
176 
United States v. Monserrate, 
10 Cr. 965 (CM), 2011 WL 3480957 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2011) 
175 
United States v. Montoya-Eschevarria, 
892 F. Supp. 104 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) 
83 
United States v. Moore, 
968 F.2d 216 (2d Cir. 1992) 
88 
United States v. Morgan, 
113 F.3d 1230 (2d Cir. 1997) 
34 
United States v. Mostafa, 
965 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
159, 160, 163, 171 
United States v. Mulder, 
273 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2001) 
159 
United States v. Mullens, 
536 F.2d 997 (2d Cir. 1976) 
97 
United States v. Murgio, 
209 F. Supp. 3d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) 
152, 159, 162 
United States v. Muric, 
No. 10 Cr. 112 (LTS), 2010 WL 2891178 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010) 
59 
United States v. Myers, 
692 F.2d 823 (2d Cir. 1982) 
105, 110 
United States v. Napolitano, 
552 F. Supp. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) 
159 
United States v. Nejad, 
18 Cr. 224 (AJN), 2019 WL 6702361 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2019) 
150 
United States v. Nemesian, 
824 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1987) 
154 
United States v. Nitsche, 
843 F. Supp. 2d 4 (D.D.C. 2011) 
136 
United States v. Nixon, 
418 U.S. 683 (1974) 
190 
United States v. Noble, 
No. 07 Cr. 284 (RJS), 2008 WL 140966 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2008) 
112 
United States v. Okwumabua, 
828 F.2d 950 (2d Cir. 1987) 
97 
United States v. Olivieri, 
740 F. Supp. 2d 423 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 
101 
United States v. Oshatz, 
700 F. Supp. 696 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 
102 
xvii 
EFTA00095084

United States v. Page, 
657 F.3d 126 (2d Cir. 2011) 
138, 140, 147 
United States v. Pascarella, 
84 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 1996) 
165 
United States v. Paulin, 
445 F.3d 211 (2d Cir. 2006) 
165 
United States v. Payner, 
447 U.S. 727 (1980) 
82, 110 
United States v. Pena, 
932 F. Supp. 2d 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 
147 
United States v. Perez, 
940 F. Supp. 540 (S.D.N.Y.I996) 
189 
United States v. Pierre-Louis, 
No. 16 Cr. 541 (CM), 2018 WL 4043140 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2018) 
passim 
United States v. Pipola, 
83 F.3d 556 (2d Cir. 1996) 
166 
United States v. Pino, 
212 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2000) 
151 
United States v. Pizarro, 
No. 17 Cr. 151 (MN), 2018 WL 1737236 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2018) 
passim 
United States v. Plaza-Andrades, 
507 F. App'x 22 (2d Cir. 2013) 
199 
United States v. Polos, 
723 F. App'x 64 (2d Cir. 2018) 
131 
United States v. Potamitis, 
739 F.2d 784 (2d Cir. 1984) 
passim 
United States v. Prisco, 
391 F. App'x 920 (2d Cir. 2010) 
4 
United States v. Quinones, 
511 F.3d 289 (2d Cir. 2007) 
165 
United States v. Rahimi, 
16 Cr. 760 (RMB), 2017 WL 2984169 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2017) 
150 
United States v. Ralunan, 
189 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 1999) 
105 
United States v. Rajaratnam, 
No. 09 Cr. 1184 (RJH), 2010 WL 4867402 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 24, 2010) 
116 
United States v. Ramnath, 
131 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 1997) 
208 
United States v. Raymonda, 
780 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 2015) 
87 
United States v. Remington, 
208 F.2d 567 (2d Cir. 1953) 
101 
United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 
549 U.S. 102 (2007) 
150, 155 
xviii 
EFTA00095085

United States v. Ricco, 
549 F.2d 264 (2d Cir. 1977) 
42 
United States v. Richardson, 
512 F.2d 105 (3d Cir. 1975) 
36 
United States v. Richardson, 
537 F.3d 951 (8th Cir. 2008) 
200 
United States v. Rioux, 
930 F. Supp. 1558 (D. Conn. 1995) 
205, 206 
United States v. Rioux, 
97 F.3d 648 (2d Cir. 1996) 
passim 
United States v. Rittweger, 
259 F. Supp. 2d 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) 
176 
United States v. Rivera, 
09 Cr. 619 (SJF), 2011 WL 1429125, at (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2011) 
171 
United States v. Rivera, 
16 Cr. 175 (LGS), 2017 WL 1843302 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2017) 
182 
United States v. Rivera, 
546 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2008) 
138, 147, 149 
United States v. Roberts, 
660 F.3d 149 (2d Cir. 2011) 
97 
United States v. Roberts, 
852 F.2d 671 (2d Cir. 1988) 
93 
United States v. Rolan-Zapata, 
916 F.2d 795 (2d Cir. 1990) 
167 
United States v. Rosa, 
11 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 1993) 
166 
United States v. Rosa, 
626 F.3d 56 (2d Cir. 2010) 
87 
United States v. Rubin, 
609 F.2d 51 (2d Cir. 1979) 
42 
United States v. Rubinson, 
543 F.2d 951 (2d Cir. 1976) 
55 
United States v. Ruiz, 
702 F. Supp. 1066 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) 
143 
United States v. Ruiz, 
894 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1990) 
139, 142, 143, 145 
United States v. Russo, 
483 F. Supp. 2d 301 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 
182, 190 
United States v. Russo, 
801 F.2d 624 (2d Cir. 1986) 
4, 9 
United States v. Rutkoske, 
506 F.3d 170 (2d Cir. 2007) 
163 
United States v. Salameh, 
152 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 1998) 
4, 5, 161 
xix 
EFTA00095086